Have you ever wondered why in the past decade doctors ask more questions related to family medical history? Most of the common diseases generally arise from a complex interplay of causes including lifestyle, environmental factors, diet as well as heredity.
A genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop. The instructions in our genome are made up of DNA.
Genetics is the study of Genes. Genes are the expression of DNA that are compressed into the form of an X called a chromosome. The chromosome is located within the nucleus of a cell. The DNA is a double helix structure containing the instructions for the cell and the gene expression. The coding for the instructions are made up of various nucleic acids. By learning about genes and DNA we can change the DNA sequence of plants and animals to make better versions of themselves. These plants and animals are Genetically modified (GM), we can use cells called CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). The CRISPR system greatly simplifies genome editing and has great promise in broad applications such as stem cell engineering, gene therapy, tissue and animal disease models, and engineering disease-resistant transgenic plants.Transfection is the process by which CRISPR,DNA, mRNA and protein systems are introduced into eukaryotic cells. At the end of the 19th century scientists started a journey in order to sequence the human DNA, this project is called the human genome project (HGP).
Human Genome Project (HGP) has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human body. Under the leadership of James Watson HGP focused for the first 5 years on the development of genetic and physical maps of the human genome, which would themselves be of great value to scientists hunting for diseased genes. Such detailed, fundamental understanding about our bodies will have profound effects on the ways diseases are diagnosed, on the prevention of disease, and on treatments. An intense effort is under way to develop a catalog of human variation. While human DNA sequences are 99.9% identical to each other, the 0.1% of variation is expected to provide many of the clues to the genetic risk for common illnesses.Using the information gained from the HGP we can develop new and better medicines.
HGP researchers deciphered the human genome in three major ways: determining the order, or "sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA; making maps that show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes; and producing what are called linkage maps, through which inherited traits (such as those for genetic disease) can be tracked over generations
The HGP has revealed that there are probably about 20,500 human genes. This ultimate product of the HGP has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes. This information can be thought of as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and function of a human being.
By using the information gained by sequencing the human genome we can make medicines faster and at the rate that human technology is advancing we can make the future generation immune to virus and diseases by altering their DNA.The phrase 'prevention is better than cure' is often attributed to the Dutch philosopher Desiderius Erasmus in around 1500. It is now becoming a fundamental principle of modern health care and inherent within health and social care strategies. Genetic research, medicine will enable us to look more into the fundamental causes of diseases rather than concentrating on treating symptoms. Thus, enabling prevention of many diseases rather than repairing the damage after it has happened.
References
Fridovich-Keil, Judith L.. "Human genome". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Feb. 2019: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-genome
"The Human Genome Project." Genome.gov:https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project
Admin. "Eukaryotic Cells- Definition, Characteristics, Structure, & Examples." BYJUS. BYJU'S, 19 Apr. 2021:https://byjus.com/biology/eukaryotic-cells/
"CRISPR Transfection – DNA, MRNA & Protein." Thermo Fisher Scientific - US:https://www.thermofisher.com/in/en/home/life-science/genome-editing/geneart-crispr/crispr-transfection.html?
Rivenbark, Ashley G. "The Human Genome: Implications for the Understanding of Human Disease." Molecular Pathology. Academic Press, 10 Aug. 2012:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744197000068
Hood, Leroy, and Lee Rowen. "The Human Genome Project: Big Science Transforms Biology and Medicine." Genome Medicine. BioMed Central, 13 Sept. 2013:https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gm483#article-info
"Applications and Issues of the Human Genome Project." Applications and Issues of the Human Genome Project:https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/boehm.htm
Francis S. Collins, MD. "Implications of the Human Genome Project for Medical Science." JAMA. JAMA Network, 07 Feb. 2001:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/193524
A genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop. The instructions in our genome are made up of DNA.
Genetics is the study of Genes. Genes are the expression of DNA that are compressed into the form of an X called a chromosome. The chromosome is located within the nucleus of a cell. The DNA is a double helix structure containing the instructions for the cell and the gene expression. The coding for the instructions are made up of various nucleic acids. By learning about genes and DNA we can change the DNA sequence of plants and animals to make better versions of themselves. These plants and animals are Genetically modified (GM), we can use cells called CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). The CRISPR system greatly simplifies genome editing and has great promise in broad applications such as stem cell engineering, gene therapy, tissue and animal disease models, and engineering disease-resistant transgenic plants.Transfection is the process by which CRISPR,DNA, mRNA and protein systems are introduced into eukaryotic cells. At the end of the 19th century scientists started a journey in order to sequence the human DNA, this project is called the human genome project (HGP).
Human Genome Project (HGP) has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human body. Under the leadership of James Watson HGP focused for the first 5 years on the development of genetic and physical maps of the human genome, which would themselves be of great value to scientists hunting for diseased genes. Such detailed, fundamental understanding about our bodies will have profound effects on the ways diseases are diagnosed, on the prevention of disease, and on treatments. An intense effort is under way to develop a catalog of human variation. While human DNA sequences are 99.9% identical to each other, the 0.1% of variation is expected to provide many of the clues to the genetic risk for common illnesses.Using the information gained from the HGP we can develop new and better medicines.
HGP researchers deciphered the human genome in three major ways: determining the order, or "sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA; making maps that show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes; and producing what are called linkage maps, through which inherited traits (such as those for genetic disease) can be tracked over generations
The HGP has revealed that there are probably about 20,500 human genes. This ultimate product of the HGP has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes. This information can be thought of as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and function of a human being.
By using the information gained by sequencing the human genome we can make medicines faster and at the rate that human technology is advancing we can make the future generation immune to virus and diseases by altering their DNA.The phrase 'prevention is better than cure' is often attributed to the Dutch philosopher Desiderius Erasmus in around 1500. It is now becoming a fundamental principle of modern health care and inherent within health and social care strategies. Genetic research, medicine will enable us to look more into the fundamental causes of diseases rather than concentrating on treating symptoms. Thus, enabling prevention of many diseases rather than repairing the damage after it has happened.
References
Fridovich-Keil, Judith L.. "Human genome". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Feb. 2019: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-genome
"The Human Genome Project." Genome.gov:https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project
Admin. "Eukaryotic Cells- Definition, Characteristics, Structure, & Examples." BYJUS. BYJU'S, 19 Apr. 2021:https://byjus.com/biology/eukaryotic-cells/
"CRISPR Transfection – DNA, MRNA & Protein." Thermo Fisher Scientific - US:https://www.thermofisher.com/in/en/home/life-science/genome-editing/geneart-crispr/crispr-transfection.html?
Rivenbark, Ashley G. "The Human Genome: Implications for the Understanding of Human Disease." Molecular Pathology. Academic Press, 10 Aug. 2012:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744197000068
Hood, Leroy, and Lee Rowen. "The Human Genome Project: Big Science Transforms Biology and Medicine." Genome Medicine. BioMed Central, 13 Sept. 2013:https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gm483#article-info
"Applications and Issues of the Human Genome Project." Applications and Issues of the Human Genome Project:https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/boehm.htm
Francis S. Collins, MD. "Implications of the Human Genome Project for Medical Science." JAMA. JAMA Network, 07 Feb. 2001:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/193524
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